Economical and religious repression Essay Example for Free

Economical and apparitional repression EssayIllustrate from Blakes songs the ways the poet shows that the great deal of his time were alienated from their natural selves and from society by political, economical and religious repression A major target of Blakes in the conquest to correct the unnatural state of society was that of religion and the church building. Blake was an unconventional Christian.Although clearly religious, as seen in poesys such as The Lamb and Night, he abhorred the concept of organised religion and believed it to be an extremely damaging institution which was more concerned with the oppression of the lower classes and the continuance of the mismatched status quo than with true religion. Blake believed the moral codes that were extolled by the Church were significantly damaging to society, making innocent concepts deviant and causing bitter unhappiness. In The Garden of Love, Blake conveys his feelings on the repressive qualities of religion.This poem is the basis for Blakes possibility on repressive religion, using The Garden of Love as a basis for the damaging effects of religious bans, Blake then goes onto portray how the effects change with different experiences such as love and sex. In the poem, the speaker bribes to The Garden of Love where he used to exercise (which seems to refer to the innocent discovery of innerity by children) and finds that it has been transformed. Where once children used to play on the green there are now priests in colour gowns, and gravestones where there used to be descenders.The speaker has become aware of Church lawfulness and its oppressive bans, Blake emphasises the influence of the religious morals by use of mensurable technique. The power of Thou shalt not paralyses the poem, with three successive stresses halting the regularly anapaestic rhythm. In the same way that Thou shalt not stops the flow of the poem, the construction of the Chapel stops the innocent play of children. In the design which accompanies the poem children are seen praying over the graves of Joys Desires, which were murdered by the Church.Blake further expands his theory on how repressive religion alienates people of his day from their natural selves in his two poems on sexual intercourse, The Blossom and The Sick Rose. The Blossom is a jubilancy of what Blake would c all completely natural sex, macrocosm free from morals and repressive religion it is a wonderful and joyous occasion, so full of emotion that it makes the redbreast sob with joy. The Blossom is full of irrefutable language, such as happy, merry and pretty and contains a simple and bouncing rhythm that conveys the naturalness of the act and how positive such sex is.The Sick Rose on the other hand portrays sexual intercourse at its most depraved and shameful. The poem is a vision of sex under the influence of repressive religious morals and restricting social conventions it portrays sexual intercourse under the influence of repressive religious morals. The poem utilises a complicated and lumpy rhythm, with a mix of anapaestic and iambic feet and a disturbing first line which is difficult to scan, the world of Experience is clearly evoked through Blakes metrical technique.The poems imagery of an invisible worm flying at night in a howling storm is full of darkness, military force and depravity. The Rose hides (implied by found out) her sexual pleasure, her bed of crimson joy, which reveals the hypocrisy of female pleasure in this depraved form of sex the Rose has sexual desire but hides it from the invisible worm. In the final two lines Blake sums up his point of the poem, that this kind of sexual intercourse, this dark secret love, Does thy life destroy.Through his word-painting of love and sex in the Songs, Blake shows the damaging effects of religious repression. Repressive religious morals and laws have led to the body becoming detached from the soul, and sex, which the Church associates with the body, has become a seedy and deviant act. In these poems, Blake has shown that the Church has alienated people from their natural selves. In My Pretty Rose Tree, Blake reveals his beliefs on the unnatural constraints of marriage.Blake repudiated some(prenominal) kind of binding contracts or morals, which might constrain the natural self from its freedom and marriage fell firmly within his sights. As far as Blake was concerned, marriage was a dead institution (as revealed by the marriage hearse of London) and an unnatural social prison which severely damaged peoples natural selves. In the poem, a efflorescence was offered to the speaker, a metaphor for an extra-marital affair, by a woman which the speaker finds attractive (Such a flower as May never bore).However, the unnatural constraints of marriage driving the speaker to unhappily, suggested by the slowing of the rhythm with a double stress in And I passed the sweet flower oer, turn down the offer and return to his wife, his P retty Rose tree. The artificial boundaries of marriage have led to the speaker giving up the chance of being happy with his sweet flower and to being trapped with his jealous Rose tree whose thorns are his only delight.Blake suggests that without the constraints of marriage that the speaker would have been free to follow his heart, rather than conforming to an artificial law and becoming unhappy. In London, Blake further expresses his attitude towards marriage. In the poem, marriage is presented as a hearse, a vessel for carrying the dead, though with their bodies (their sexual selves) being dead in a loveless and institutionalised marriage which extols the virtues of the soul over the deviant and depraved body. Blake blames the unnatural state of love in society on the Churchs legal separation of body and soul.The separation has forced the soul to be encapsulated in marriage and the body to be forced to become deviant and turn to youthful Harlots. familiar pleasure has only two o ptions, either a loveless marriage or buying pleasure from seedy and diseased prostitutes. Marriage, in Blakes eyes, has made all sexual pleasure the kind found in The Sick Rose, depraved and hidden, whereas in a world free from the unnatural constraints alienating people from themselves, people would be able to enjoy the pleasure found in The Blossom.

Intelligence led policing Essay Example for Free

Intelligence led policing EssayThe terrorist attacks of September 2001 had several governments taken aback of their incapacity to detect and prevent crimes of such(prenominal) magnitude. The United States Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense, for example, have been working extra hard to detect and thwart such mishaps today and in the future. In order to realize this, most aspects of national security have been reviewed by various governments around the world (Wisler and Onwudiwe, 2009).One of these aspects is intelligence gain and use for both internal and international security. Of most importance is internal security, given the fact that crimes such as international terror are aforethought(ip) and carried out by deterrents that are already living among us. Because the police have the mandate to provide internal security, they require effective intelligence to en adapted them to sop up and act on any training related to looming attacks and dangers. Apart from intelligence led policing, there are numerous other types of policing.However, the main ones are knowledge-based policing, chore based policing and community policing. For any crime type to be bunged, the intelligence used by police ought to be based on all perhaps operable information and data, collected and thoroughly evaluated. Intelligence has been defined in multiple ways. For the sake of this discussion, we will settle on a single commentary it is collecting data and information precisely touching on crime, analyzing and drawing conclusions on it.Therefore, intelligence is non any kind of information but that which has been analyse and quality conclusions made on it. Intelligence can hence be used to inform any concerned decision maker of the several available choices. The security personnel of any department, either the police or the military, can then draw on the analyzed findings to carry out their duties of preventing and stopping crimes by strategizing and laying good plans on how to achieve their set objectives.Intelligence led policing is a structured method of collecting, analyzing and evaluating data and information related to crime. The analyzed information is then used to guide the institutions which enforce law in determining their actions. It was first used in the United Kingdom in 1990 and later stock a huge acceptance in the United States after the 2001 terrorist attacks. The Kent police in the UK used this kind of policing on car stealing, home breaks and certain types of crimes which were then considered high priority.The worlds governments later decided to use this method alongside others to curb international crime especially terrorism and to react in effect to simpler crimes at the domestic front (Wisler and Onwudiwe, 2009). The problem based policing is broad in its coverage bearing its stand on the notion that other types of policing are not committed to solving the basic criminal acts. While it concentrates on cr imes that need the attention of the police and that it handles other issues other than implementing crime prevention programs, is not able to cover all sorts of crimes.On the other hand Public policing usually focus on a single type of crime for example way gangs only. It is normally used when certain crimes occur and their area of operation is the streets. It is also effective in the sense that the time, when the required information is obtained and when action is taken on it, is relatively short. Its mainstay is to deter and disable unlawful trends. Criminals are also profiled to help in analysis. Finally, its approach involves the use of tour of duty personnel, strategic divisions and detectives.

Why Does Gender Pay Inequality Persist?

Why Does Gender Pay Inequality Persist?With the increasing trend of the remarkably importance of the sex present equality during the aside few decades, organisations and many commentators have been paying particular attention to the relative trends, legislations, news, economy and global labour market as a whole to handle the persistence of the sexual urge pay inequality occurred nowadays. Pay equity is defined as a particular strategy for reducing or eliminating the lease spreading between or among groups such as women and men, or various ethnic groups (Thomas 2006). It was mentioned in the CONSAD Research Corporations paper (2009) that at that place have been significant increase for women to get into in the labour ride, to acquire high upbringing level and to make substantial real earnings. For instance, Lander ONeill (1991) indicated that Australian women participation rate in the labour baron has doubled since 1947. Moreover, it was showed in the pedagogy multin ationals report (2010) that the average female graduation rate in higher education in OECD countries is 16 percent more than the male graduation rate. Yet the challenge is that women have been earning less than men all through the genuine countries around the world even they argon headspring educated and actively participate in the workforce (Hatt1997). Taking an example in Australia, women earn approximately 80 percent of mens wages (Lander ONeill 1991). The persistence of the sex activity pay gap is puzzling although the gender pay equity ratio has been steadily rising and a wide range of legislations such as cost Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action were implemented to address the issue (Smith 2009 Lander ONeill 1991). This paper go forth briefly demonstrate the historical overview with respect to the topic. It will pass off to identify the comprehensive reasons for the existence of gender pay inequality. It will then illustrate the advantages of having pay equa lity worldwide. Last but not least, the paper will recommend some of the strategies which organisations can best address the challenge by utilising appropriate non-discriminatory workplace practices and policies.Historical OverviewThe ancient time of keeping women staying and working at home while men were responsible for earning a living had passed after the World War II (Amaram 2010). The participation rate of women joining the labour force has greatly boosted due(p) to the establishment of some legislation to remove obstacles of womens employment and to allow women working in certain kinds of work such as alloy industry (ODonnell dormitory room 1988). The booming economy and labour shortage triggered the fact that women were encouraged to replace men, who were resisting in the war, in the labour market (ODonnell Hall 1988). Campaigns were as healthful formed by many womens organisations to fight for the equal pay between men and women (ODonnell Hall 1988). Some supporter s advocate the theory of comparable worth that there should be equal pay for jobs entailing similar cleverness, effort, responsibility and work conditions, and that this parity should occur regardless of respective job market values (Grider Toombs 1993). However, even there were legislation, theories and womens organisations to protect women from getting unequal pay the gender wage gap has been existed for many years. To explain this gap, there are a couple of complex reasons which restrainly and indirectly result in the gender differences in pay.Occupational SegregationOne of the primary reasons for the gender pay differences is due to occupational segregation. Men and women are not evenly allocated in all occupational categories. Women scarper to be distributed in low-paying industries or occupations which directly affect their average earnings (Smith 2009 Hatt 1997 McAuley 1981 Mumford 1989 Lander ONeill 1991 Education International 2010 Curlew Weber 2010). It was pointed out that women were mainly employed in residential area services, the wholesale and retail trade, clerical work and catering whereas men were generally employed in mining, electricity, gas and water, manufacturing as thoroughgoingly as construction industries where men are more likely to receive well supra average pay (ODonnell Hall 1988 Hatt 1997). The consequence of setting women apart in certain occupations with low-status and low-paid partially results in the gender pay gap.Vertical SegregationRather than constraining women in particular occupations or industries, plumb segregation occurs in both public and private sectors when women are located in lower positions and men are placed in more senior positions such as executive or managerial roles (Mumford 1989). Women are abandoned very few opportunities to engage in promotion to higher positions, and therefore women are constrained their mobility upwards to the organisational hierarchy and they are under-represented at senio r positions in all occupations (Hatt 1997). This phenomenon is closely related to the glass ceiling personal effects for women that refer to those artificial barriers based on attitudinal or organisational bias that prevent qualified individuals from advancing upward in their organisation into management-level positions (U.S. Department of Labour 1991). Hence, vertical segregation is another factor that leads to the gender pay gap.Family ResponsibilityAs a result of the family obligation to give birth as well as take care of the children and elders at home, there has been a greater percentage for women to participate in more flexible part-time and occasional employments than men who tend to have full-time employments (Smith 2009 CONSAD Research Corp 2009 Curlew Weber 2010 Amaram 2010). It was indicated in Amaram (2010)s study that pregnancy leading to the absence of women is 36 percent more than men and married men are more likely to work longer hours to make up the loss of the e arnings for the family. Undoubtedly, it was claimed by many reporters that part-time employment pays relatively less than full-time employment, thus the unbalanced participation in part-time works make waters women to be classified in lower level of income groups without adequate chances for skill advancement and promotion opportunities (Education International 2010 Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia 2009).Womens Tendency of Education and Work Choices and PatternsThe educational paths that men and women decide for their majors in higher education or universities are different, indirectly affect the real earnings between men and women in the workforce (Amaram 2010). Amaram (2010) showed in his paper that men generally take sciences as their majors whilst women prefer worldities and education. The assumption is that men and women are likely to choose their desired majors at colleges or universities that can forge what they are going to choose for their careers in the fu ture, which leads to the conclusion by Hartmann (2004) that the pay of the male-nominated occupations tends to be higher than female-nominated occupations. One of the explanations can be attributed that women tend to choose a safer work environment such as being a secretary, teacher or receptionist and they are willing to accept less-paid jobs (Education International 2010 Farrell 2005). In addition, based on the GAOs report (2003) showing that women normally work fewer hours and take more breaks away from work than men, women are therefore less work experience and human capital at work that brings about the consequence of earning less income.Historical and Social Stereotypes of Under-Valuating Womens Work and SkillsBased on the historical overview mentioned in the first section, up until the Second World War, women were supposed to stay at home for cleaning and bringing up the children while men were taking the main role to be the breadwinner for the whole family (Amaram 2010 Elia s Purcell 1988). According to Press (2006), companies advertised for job vacancies in the newspapers listed separately for men and women, as well as womens pay was greatly lower than men. In no doubt, the historical factors generated the hypothesis that womens works are semi-skilled and unskilled (Smith 2009). This hypothesis was supported by Lander ONeill (1991) and Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia (2009) that womens skills and works are continuously under-valuated and unrecognised, which causes the accessible stereotypes on the perception of females capability to work in certain occupational categories. In other words, women may earn less than men as a result of their skills and works were devaluated by the community and organisations based on the social stereotypes.Direct Gender DiscriminationThere are many theorists agreed that direct gender discrimination partly account for the gender wage gap (Curlew Weber 2010 Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia 2009 H att 1997 McAuley 1981). It happens when women and men are treated unequally approach the same job requirements with the same educational level and work experience (Education International 2010). Although it is unlawful to discriminate women from being recruited in male-nominated occupations in most of the developed countries, gender discrimination indeed moderately initiates the gender pay differences. It was even reported that gender discrimination and bias comprise half of the gender pay gap (Lander ONeill 1991). Consequently, no matter the organisational and societal sex discrimination is intentional or unintentional, it is clear that gender bias is an essential element of the persistence of wage gap between men and women.Other ReasonsApart from the major factors brought up previously, there are other reasons which should account for the wage gap as well in terms of the problem of the merit-type payment systems, fusion affiliation, and womens value on non-wage benefits such a s health insurance. Firstly, it is important to understand the rise of the individual contracts together with the meaning of less collective bargaining like the decline of trade due norths at workplaces (Bamber, Lansbury Wailey 2004). Also, merit-type payment including merit increments and merit bonuses is the most popular individual military operation pay plans that are widely used in the USA and many other Western countries today (Shields, 2007). One of the disadvantages of the merit-type payment systems is that it lacks of transparency of the pay structure, hence, it is always up to the managements discretion of any individual performance and pay where there are probably the existence of discriminatory components (Grider Toombs 1993). Secondly, it was claimed that the formation of a trade Union will bring a wage rate of 17.6 percent up for union members (Hatt 1997, Amaram 2010). With the significant rising trend of women participating in part-time and casual employments sta ted earlier, it is less possible for women to become union members that they comparatively earn less than men who normally work as full-time employees and are union members. Lastly, research was also done by the CONSAD Research Corporation (2009) that there is a greater probability that women may relatively value more on non-wage benefits and other employee benefits such as childcare, health insurance and advisory services when comparing to men. Accordingly, women may value other aspects of benefits other than wage that may cause the gender wage differences.Advantages of the Existence of Gender Pay EqualityDespite the limitations ac noesisd which block the way to gender pay equality, there are a series of advantages for individuals, families, organisations and economy as a whole provided that gender pay equity exists. Pay equality increases the empowerment of women and reduces the chances of womens experience to harassment, violence and exploitation at work (Cornish 2008). Additiona lly, it brings positive effects to the well-being and wealth of the families as a result of the increased income, which ultimately improves the situation of poverty, economy and social justice (Lander ONeill 1991 Education International 2010 Curlew Weber 2010). For the organisations, staff morale and productivity will be increased and absenteeism will be decreased if gender pay equity exists in the workplace because employees feel fairness among others (Curlew Weber 2010). Thus, organisations should proactively take actions to address the problem of the persistence of gender pay inequality in order to benefit itself, employees, community and other stakeholders involved.Organisational Strategies for Tackling the ChallengeAlthough governments intervention of implementing fair pay legislations among male and female employees is indispensable, as Smith (2009) claimed that the legislative reform alone is not enough. Strategic non-discriminatory workplace practices and policies should be carefully planned, designed, implemented and monitored at the organisational level in order to build positive videos to the public without violating any relative discriminatory issues, as well as maximise the benefits of balancing the gender pay differences. Therefore, human resource management teams play major roles in making every single finis to align with the organisational strategies. First of all, it is recommended to use objective, systematic and consistent process of job evaluation systems to deal with gender-based inequities in pay (Lander ONeill 1991). De Corte (1993) suggested a model-based approach to job evaluation to calculate the probability to gender bias related to pay at work. Secondly, male and female recruiters should be involved in the recruitment and selection stages so that female candidates will not be excluded in a discriminatory way. Thirdly, training and development should be regularly provided to all employees with the intention that women are giv en chances to promotion in a higher hierarchical level in the organisations. Fourthly, mentoring programs with professional consultants or management should be offered to female employees, who have competent knowledge and capabilities, to encourage them participating in senior positions (Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency 2010). Fifthly, flexible workplace arrangements such as home-based assignments as well as childcare services should also be available to allow female employees having work-life balance (ODonnell Hall 1988). Lastly, organisations should conduct a gender pay audit annually, which provides exact information regarding the gender pay structure and figures of the whole organisation and the percentage of female employees being promoted to the senior positions (Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency 2010). The strategies proposed above are only few subtle pieces of a complex jigsaw puzzle beyond doubt organisations should proactively look fo r other approaches to address the problem of gender pay inequality.ConclusionThe condition of gender pay inequality has been steadily improved in the last few decades. However, in reality it does persist due to an array of complex reasons in terms of occupational and vertical segregation, parenthood, womens propensity of education and occupation choices and patterns, historical stereotypes and under-valuation of womens skills and work, direct gender discrimination, the setback of the merit-type payment systems, union affiliation, and different values on wage and non-wage employee benefits between men and women. These factors illustrated are merely the key causes and further research should be done to elaborate the thorough formation of the wage gap. It is clear that the pursuit of gender pay equality brings individuals, families, organisations, community and economy positive effects. Consequently, organisations should better equip themselves and contribute to the attainment of elimi nating the gender wage gap. Systematic and appropriate non-discriminatory workplace practices and policies should be well implemented to encourage fairness among male and female employees in pay and promotion check to their knowledge, skills and competencies. On account of the increased staff morale and happiness at work, organisations can also build a healthy and positive public image that in turn increasing the organisational attractiveness and competitive advantages in the labour market. In conjunction with the practical support by government, community and unions, it is believed further reduction of the gender wage gap is feasible.

The Coevolution of Human Immunity and Helminthic Parasites

The Coevolution of Human Immunity and Helminthic ParasitesMost multi boothular organisms, both vertebrate and invertebrate, spend a penny an evolutionary history of infestation by extracellular parasitic worms known as helminths. The repellent systems of these species have accommodate to the adjudicate of helminth transmitting, or helmnithiasis, through the development of chemical mechanisms to modulate worm load in chronically infested individuals. Most marsupials and mammals, including humans, use a particular immune retort mediated by immunoglobulin E antibodies molecules that identify and neutralize foreign objects to defend against helminths (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). In parts of the world where helminthiasis is still prevalent, there is a selective advantage for genes that increase yield of immunoglobulin E antibodies. However, the adaptation to the stress of chronic worm infestation accounts for the maladaptive receipt to innocuous substance allergic reaction up on removal of the stress. The presence of sponges triggers the proceeds of molecules known as interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokines that damped the inflammation response. However, in the absence of parasites, immunoglobulin E antibodies design harmless proteins and the lack of IL-10 production results in a potentially dangerous insurgent response. In addition to the removal of the early evolutionary stress of helminths, numerous technology and infrastructure changes in developed countries have increased human word-painting to allergens, thus increasing hypersensitivity to seemingly innocuous substances.Many species, including humans, evolved under the stress of helminth infestation. As early hominids expanded their ecological niche and encountered new foods, they became hosts for an increased number of helminth species, which would have, in turn, evolved with the hominids. Today, humans act as hosts for much than 25 species of helminths (Warren et al 1990). The shift from the hun ter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture increased sedentism and disease, including parasitic infection. Such disease was spread through contact with animals, other humans, and their wastes. The development of agrarian methods such(prenominal) as irrigation and the use fertilizer would have increased the exposure of early humans to soil-transmitted helminths (Cockburn 1971).For contemporary humans, parasitic and septic diseases atomic number 18 controlled in both(prenominal) areas of the world, while chronic, noncommunicable, degenerative diseases are on the rise. Although new technology has allowed some human populations to benefit from the control of infectious disease, many individuals passim the world are still affected by infection and parasites. Globally, more than two billion multitude are chronically infected with soil-transmitted helminths such as schistosomes and hookworms (Florh et al. 2008). These numbers exhibit there is still selection for protective mechanisms ag ainst helminthiasis in a large proportion of the contemporary human population.Given the prolonged mammalian history with parasites, the immune system has evolved protective mechanisms to safeguard the heath of a host in the event of a parasitic infection. When a helminth enters a host, antigens from the parasite pass on across the hosts internal membranes. Two types of white blood cells, B cells and T cells, recognize antigens in the blood stream. B cells are released into the blood and carried to capillary beds helping the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system a system of vessels and organs that helps balance the fluid content of blood and the surrounding tissues while participating in the bodys defense reaction against assail disease organisms (Russel et al. 2008). T cells are released into the blood and carried to the thymus, an organ of the lymphatic system.The adaptive immune responses are regulated by two mechanisms antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immun ity. During antibody-mediated immunity, derivatives of B cells known as plasma cells secrete antibodies that circulate throughout the blood and lymphatic fluid, recognizing, binding, and removing antigens. Each plasma cell is specific for at least whiz particular antigen, but some are capable of recognizing any antigen, even if it has never before been encountered. Plasma cells are capable of secreting are five major classes of antibodies. These antibodies are, in order of decreasing concentration, IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and immunoglobulin E (Barnes et al. 1999). Each type of antibody has a specific function in the immune system and immunoglobulin E is most relevant in combating infection by parasitic worms and mediating many allergic responses such as hay fever, asthma, and hives (Russell et al 2008). Cell-mediated immunity serves as the primary mechanism for killing parasite larvae. During cell-mediated immunity, a subset of T cells becomes activated and, with other cells of the im mune system, attacks and kills foreign cells directly. These two mechanisms interact to defend the host against extracellular parasites.Parasitic antigens are first detected by plasma cells in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, triggering the production of two types of IgE antibodies those that are specific for a particular parasite and those that are nonspecific (Grant et al 2008). These antibodies bind to mast cells. Mast cells are a particular type of cell found within many body tissues that contain granules of molecules such as histamine. The mast cells are activated to degranulate when the antigen binds to the attached IgE antibody, causing the internal histamine to be released. The release of histamine causes various physiological changes associated with inflammation (Flohr et al. 2008). The cascade of reactions functions to damage and cast out the parasite (Barnes et al. 1999).Inflammation is complex biological process that materialises in vascular tissues as a response to pathogens (such as helminths), damaged cells, or irritants. In an inflammatory response, an individual may experience bronchial constriction, vascular dilation, and an increase in mucous secretions, which lead to the associated symptoms of wheezing, coughing, itching, sneezing, and vomiting. During anaphylaxis, a severe form of inflammation, there is an intense coevals of mast cells and release of their mediators. Such a response has effects on various organs and may be fatal. Examples of anaphylaxis-inducing antigens include antibiotics, foods, and foreign proteins, such as venom. and then the inflammatory response to the presence of a particular antigen may in an of itself prejudicial to the organism (Florh et al. 2008)Once an immune reaction has run its course and the invading parasites have been eliminated, long-lived T helper cells, derived from the encounter with the antigen remain in an inactive state in the lymphatic system and provide an immuno logical computer memory of the foreign antigen (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). When a foreign antigen enters the body for a subsequent epoch, a secondary immune response is triggered. The helper T cells recognize the antigen and secrete subatomic proteins known as cytokines that regulate or assist in an immune response.Helper T cells can be divided into TH1 and TH2 subsets that fulfill separate functions in regulating response to infection. TH1 cells produce the response to intracellular infections while TH2 cells produce responses to extracellular infections and allergens. During helminth infections, the number of TH2 cells is greater than the number of TH1 cells. When TH2 cells detect previously recognised parasitic antigens, they secrete a particular cytokine, or known interleukin-4 (IL-4) (Barnes et al 1999). IL-4 promotes parasite-specific IgE antibody, helper T cell, and mast cell production.The adaptation of the IgE antibody immune response is beneficial during helminth infecti on. High takes of IgE minimize the number of parasites that infest a host during chronic exposure (Dunne et al. 1992). Individuals infected with helminths may have IgE antibody levels that are up to 100 times greater than the normal level, which typically decrease subsequently anti-helminth treatment (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). Additionally, the type of IgE antibody produced may change throughout a humans life to better target a particular parasite. Studies have shown that humans acquire a natural immunity to schistosome infection in adolescence (Grant et al 2008). This natural immunity corresponds to increased levels of IgE from schistosome-specific antigens and decreased production of non-specific IgE. For young children, the greater nonspecific component in IgE production occurs at the expense of schistosome-specific IgE, resulting in a less protective antibody-mediated immune response when compared to adolescents and adults.To establish long-term immunity and because contacts between vector an agent that transmits an infectious disease and host may be infrequent, it is important for the both the host and parasite to maintain chronic infections. Most human parasitic infections last for eld and must therefore not overwhelm the host. Parasites produce self-limiting infections that allow the host to defend against lethal infection while maintaining a viable population. One system is through concomitant immunity, a response seen in adult schistosomes, where an immune response is induced to limit, but not eliminate, subsequent infections of the host by pathogenic larvae, without causing the rejection of the adult worms (Sher Ottensen 1988). Schistosomes and hookworms also trigger the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in parasite-induced T cells. IL-10 protects the host from extreme mast cell degranulation and the initiation of intense inflammation (Florh et al. 2008). The level of IL-10 decreases after anti-helminth trea tments once the parasite is no longer present to induce production.In summary, the immune system of most mammalian and marsupial hosts is highly adapted to battle parasitic disease. The generation of parasite-specific IgE antibodies by plasma cells initiates an inflammatory response and killer cell activity. During subsequent encounters with an antigen, the synthesis of IgE is controlled by TH2 cells and up-regulated by the cytokine IL-4. The inflammatory response is, however modulated by the release of anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines, in order to protect the host from the dangerous effects of intense mast cell degranulation. Through these mechanisms, the more successful human host will produce higher(prenominal) levels of parasite-specific IgE antibodies with which to prevent overwhelming worm infestation. Hosts less proficient at producing sufficiently high levels of parasite-specific IgE antibodies are more likely to succumb to greater worm loads.Allergy is hypersensitivity to a typically innocuous substance. Allergy begins after sensitization of a specific allergen, an antigen that elicits an allergic response. Similar to a parasiticidal infestation, plasma cells generate IgE antibodies during sensitization that are specific to the allergens to which an individual has been exposed. These IgE antibodies bind to receptors on mast cells. The binding of the allergen to an IgE antibody triggers a cascade of events resembling the immune response to helmthiasis (Zanders et al. 1992). The mast cells degranulate to release mediators, including histamine. Unlike in helminthiasis, in which IgE antibodies are order at the worm and its by-produces, the allergic response is directed at seemingly innocuous substances. Also, the allergens are not capable of initiating the parasite-induced production of IL-10 that protects the host from the potentially harmful effects of the inflammatory response (Flohr et al. 2008). Thus, humans have adapted to respond to the outside world in the presence of helminths and in their absence we are unavailing to modulate the maladaptive inflammatory response that may result in annoying or dangerous symptoms.In industrialized countries, the prevalence of allergies and conditions such as asthma have increased over the last three or four decades (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). These countries have better-developed infrastructures that have resulted in the excretion of helminths and an increase in noninfectious disease. Similarly, allergic disease prevalence is increasing in industrializing countries such as India and China (Flohr et al. 2008). Besides the removal of helminths, a significant consequence of modernization is the beingness of a microenvironment that increases our exposure to domestic arthropods, such as dust mites, and other pests. Research has shown that there is a positive correlation between level of infestation of household pests and the degree of urbanization (Barnes et al. 1999).Evidence suggests tha t allergic reactions are less pronounced in individuals infected with helminths. Thus, areas where helminthic infection is endemic typically have lower levels of allergic disease when compared with areas free of helminths (Grant et al. 2008). Studies have consistently found that most helminths investigated imbue their hosts with protective effects during skin prick tests (SPT) tests used to describe allergies by eliciting a small, controlled allergic response. However, while all helminths increase the level of IgE antibody produced by a host, infection by schistosomes and hookworms parasites found to trigger the production of IL-10 have the strongest association with protection against allergy and asthma (Flohr et al. 2008). Individuals are more likely to develop asthma during the absence of helminthiasis, or during mild helminthiasis a time during which less parasite-specific IgE antibody is produced than during a chronic infection, and less IL-10 is produced to reduce inflamm ation (Lynch 1992). Therefore, helminthiasis and allergy are not likely mutually exclusive, but allergy is much less likely to occur in severe helminthic disease than in mild helminthic disease (Barnes et al. 1999).The removal of helminths from infected populations in Venezuela, Vietnam, and Gabon has shown a resultant increase in allergic skin sensitization during SPT (Florh et al. 2008). Marsh et al. (1980) found that non-European descendents living in developed countries have a higher tendency for allergic response. These results are expected because those individuals likely had a greater genetic propensity to produce IgE, resulting in an increased inflammation response, a decrease in IL-10 production to modulate inflammation, and an increased exposure to inhalant allergens.There is a selective advantage for a predisposition to produce high levels of IgE, as this antibodies serves as a key regulator in the maintenance of helminthic infection in populations that are chronically e xposed to parasites. Additionally, it has been found that certain levels of allergens affect people with family histories of allergy, but do not trigger an allergic response in most other people (Sporik et al. 1990). These finding imply that allergy and asthma reactions occur only in genetically susceptible individuals after adequate or persistent exposure to specific allergens. While the total level of serum IgE does not appear to directly reflect natural immunity against asthma in helminth infection-endemic populations, linkage studies have implicated a particular chromosome locus, or region, in controlling asthma and intensity of schistosomiasis in Brazilian and Senegalese populations. Because this same locus is identified with both helminthic infection and for allergy susceptibility in a number of independent studies, there may be a common genetic basis for host protection against helminthic infection and susceptibility allergic disease (Grant et al. 2008).Through modernization, populations acquire objects that promote allergens such as upholstered furniture, carpeting and domestic pets. The introduction of such objects has been correlated to a rapidly increase the prevalence of asthma in populations with either high or low helminthiasis prevalence. An example in a study by dip et al. (1985) showed that asthma incidence increased over ten years within Eastern Highland villages of Papua New Guinea that was attributed to the introduction of wool blankets to the villagers and the sudden and threatening exposure to house dust mites within the blankets. Barnes et al. (1997) found that house dust mite allergen concentrations in Barbados were higher in better-built homes, likely because the plumbing contributed to a higher humidity levels that were more conducive to dust mite proliferation than the drier wood homes. During the process of modernization, in addition to the acquisition of homes and objects that increase allergen exposure, the reduction or eliminat ion of helminthiasis, increases the risk of allergic disease more dramatically.Adaptation often results in trade-offs that may compromise an individuals adjustment to his or her environment. The coevolution of helminths and humans shaped the immune response to be highly sensitive to parasitic antigens. This response, which is beneficial to host and parasites, is modulated by many mechanisms. TH2 activation stimulates the production of IL-4 cytokines that trigger production of IgE antibodies. IgE mediate an immune response targeted the antigens released by parasites as well as allergens. Parasites presence triggers anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines production by specialized T cells that reduce the inflammatory effects of mast cell degranulation. Removal of the stress helminthiasis also removes the modulation of the inflammatory response through IL-10. Under these conditions, the maladapted response of IgE antibodies reacting to harmless allergens is allergy in the form of disproporti oned, potentially dangerous inflammation event. Although levels of IgE are highest during a parasitic infection or an allergic response, levels are also affected by genetic predisposition. Selective pressures maintain high levels of IgE expression in regions of the world with high helminthiasis prevalence.Through modernization, the stress of helminthiasis has been removed while the stress of allergen exposure has increased. Activation of IgE by innocuous allergens triggers the maladaptive response of an allergic reaction. Individuals who are not infested by helminths with a genetic propensity for high IgE antibody expression are most susceptible to allergic hypersensitivity. In developed countries, decreased helminthiasis prevalence in junction with increased allergen exposure are responsible for the increase in allergic disease prevalence.

The Death of the Author by Roland Barthes

The Death of the Author by Roland B cheathesIn this test I am going to write about Roland Barthes concept of The Death of the Author and how it applies to course of action and smack in the resolve of Tracey Emin. The reason why I am investigating this is that I want to show how diametric mannikines views influence differently. my theory is that if your brought up in a similar kind to slightly wiz else whence your views on art work will be similar. the essay is divided into 3 scratch. component 1 I will be talking about the Roland Barthes concept of The Death of the Author which is an essay on who holds the importee of any schoolbook edition/ fine art is it the author or the lecturer, he says as soon as the author present their work the significance behind the creation dies, so the new meaning lies behind the reader, I will similarly be explain what Michel Foucault theory is which is contrasting to Barthes theory, I will be using Martin Parr mainly computeing at hi s series for Last apply 1983-85.Section 2 I will be describing what cat egotismry and taste is, I will also be introducing fine perspectives such as Marxism and Feminism. Introducing some key theorist including Pierre Bourdieu and Antonio Gramsci. I will be using Grayson Perrys Tapestries for the series the narcism of sm altogether differences 2009 that he created that explores class and taste.Section 3 will be my main case study and I will be discussing Tracey Emins work in calls of class and taste and how Barthes theory applies to her work. This framework shouldnt be biased on Marxist view or a feminist thrust view beca phthisis I am looking at what population think of Emins work what class and taste does it have and what she has. Also to shoot the breeze whether The Death of the Author applies to her work. Does she hold the meaning or does the viewer.In this section I am going to be exploring the work of Roland Barthes. Barthes was born in 1915 and died in 1980, he was a French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist, critic and semiotician. Barthe wrote an influential essay called The Death of the Author. This essay was scratch line published in a French journal in 1968. It was then re-published in 1977 in an anthology of Barthes essays called shape-music-text. The Death of the Author is create verbally in a semiotic framework. A British visual semioticians called Daniel Chandler defines semiotics as is the study of signs (chandler,1994). Semiotics and signs are split into 2 which are word form and the signified, a signifier the form which the sign squanders and a signified the concept it represents. In this essay that I am writing about Barthes argues against the method of reading, zip reads the description about picture first they are intrigued and corroborate lost in the picture itself, he says that the reader has full require on what the circumstance is all about, leaving their testify mark on the meaning of a particular ar twainr k for an example the Piss Christ created by Andres Serrano photographed in 1989 (see simulacrum 1) his intentions with this image was to show how we all use this motif as a fashion accessory which people are not horrified by it all, totally if what it represents is the crucifixion of a man that will hold meaning forever not just to religious people, it has become well contendn. It caused controversy for more than dickens decades by art critics and religion, Christians found the art work really offensive, this art work was severely damaged in several places it has been exhibited. Art critic Jesse Helms had only one view on Piss Christ even after reading the synopsis serrano is not an artist. He is a Jerk (Brooks, 2014). I dissent with Helms view due to what his intentions where.This essay addresses the lack of power of the authors in reading and analysing text/ artwork, this shows that reader or viewer ignores the authors and work background and focus on the work itself. When critically analysing a writing/ art work Barthes says the author, his soul, his life, his tastes, his passions (Barthes P.383) what I think Barthes is hard to say is that when we analyze work whatever the outcome whether its achievement or failure the author is forced to take full responsibility of the work they present, its his work. Serrano had intentions to present the work tho he wanted it to show that we use the Christ as a fashion accessory but in fact this work was failure to present his idea to the world but he did succeed as this work managed to cause controversy to all(prenominal)one.In The Death of the Author Barthes discusses the text itself appearing as copied from new(prenominal) works. The intention of the text could be misleading due to the translation from the author to text then to the reader this is due to the subjectivity of the reader, different levels of commandment would read this text differently and get their own interpretation of the text.This point ultimately leads to Barthes main point the reader holds more responsibility to the text than the author. The difficulty of different connotations and experiences that come from the author into the text are compressed and flattened when it arrives to the reader. The reader comes empty handed and is completely self-engaged with the image presented. It is as if a sculpture, a three dimensional work, is photographed, reduced to two dimensions. So much information is condensed and do out-of-the-way to the viewer. Barthes makes the point that the origin of a work may lie with the author, but its destination is with the reader. message that the accredited meaning lies with the author and some of that is noticed but the real notice is but the reader. I recall this as you never read the text to see what its about, you read the picture get your own connotations from it and then read the text if you mass be bo in that respectd to do so. Barthes puts a point across of the induce of the r eader must be at the cost of The Death of the Author. (Barthes cited in Dayton, 1998, P.386). I believe that the reader holds the majority of the meaning but the author holds some meaning, especially if the author has a description of the image next to it, which the reader can then read to find out the background of the image can could give a different perspective on the work that could be what the author is trying to do or lead to a completely different to what the reader and the author is portraying.Barthes goes on to say a text consists of multiple writings, issuing from several finales and entering into dialogue with severally other .. But there is one place where this multiplicity is collected, united, and this place is not the author, as we have hitherto said it was, but the reader (Barthes 1968 P.6) I believe what he is trying to say here is that when people say a picture holds a thousand words doesnt mean a thousand words in a culture but each culture places their words of meaning into an image, these words are then collated with each other to bring a final meaning to a picture. So Barthes is saying Millions of minds on the job(p) together is better than one mind coming up with the meaning behind an+ image. Even if the meaning has a particular voyage to get there.Barthes states that the author is only a way through which a taradiddle is told. They have already been done by the journey of the particular image. But still the meaning behind an image still lays on the reader(s). if the reader was to view the work through the eye of the author then they will not gain any benefit from viewing an image. Barthes is saying that when we view an image without a text we right away can relate to the image in a certain way, if they dont then they are only stuck with the authors thoughts and intentions, which will not go far for the author. I think this is true because the author likes to k straightway what the readers think of their work they are interested i n the positives but most interested in the negatives, due to their personal experience that the image has recreated. (Atchison, 2016)It appears that when Barthes says the birth of the reader must come at the cost of The Death of the Author, it would help the reader to interpretation and understand the image if they were some to non-connection between the author and the image. I believe that the author will never be completely dead. The thought process and the process of the image has some meaning to the image. Barthes said that the author should get incomplete praise for a sober book not blamed for a bad one this is insinuating that the authors need labels, I believe that readers are responsible for the act presence of the author. As well as the authors own interests in being involved. The author is stuck between death and alive the author cant control what the viewing audience see of their work neither does he have a massive say on what they mean. For an example Martin Parrs wo rk who I will introduce that in the essay, when we view his work we immediately know its him due to his artistic approach so we know immediately know what the work would be about, so the meaning holds with the author, whereas Tracey Emin who also will be introduced later in the essay, her work was viewed differently due to her fame, she wasnt known as much, her work was seen the opposite to what her intentions where. Only now as she became famous and more well-known her work is now seen as how she wanted it to be seen.Nevertheless, in comparison to what Barthes is saying which is the meaning of an image the Great Compromiser on the reader, Michel Foucault was mentioned in the book Practises of Looking. He says yes the viewer does make meaning but there is a place for the author input/ style. This is called the author function. He identifies multiple functions of the author of 3 ways which are author as a legal construction so we rely on author right of first publication and charge on plagiarism, author as literary construction so we they build a story to go with the image and author as a unifying construction, this function shows our belief that authors are internally steady. (Kelley, 2011)We can see this theory in the work of Martin Parr mostly in his series of Last Resort, 1985. (see chassis 2,3 and 4) A little description about this series by Parr, they were taken 1983 to 1985, which was a period of economic decline in northwest England. Parr picked a seaboard resort that has passed its attractions designed to appeal to an economically depressed working class. Which are overcrowded beaches, video arcades, beauty competitions, chip chops and tea rooms. The series was exhibited at the serpentine verandah in capital of the United Kingdom. Published as a book in 1986 and this set Parrs reputation as a photographer. Parr contrasts the traditional approach to documentary photography, he shows the working class seeking cheap thrills for pleasure. The typical d ocumentary photographer photographs brits sought to worship the working class. In the 1980s The Last Resort was seen to be incriminate as to show what the economic policies of the conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher (Prime Minister 1979-90). Parr was showing that Britain wasnt great due to thatcher, I was showing that it wasnt as adept as she was telling us it was. We see a great division of meaning in his work, the north understood what Parr was trying to get across but the south sees his work as unartistic.Some critics understood Parrs illustration of what the economic lacked. Val William has read the image with a less politician approach, in her views, the last resort typifies Parrs keen eye for the strange. She commented theres no sarcasm in Parrs gaze, just interest, excitement and a real sense of the comedic (Williams, 2002 p.161). Parr himself has claimed, Im less interested in the fact that these people arent well off financially as in the fact that they have to deal with screaming kids, like anyone has to Im also interested in making the photographs work on another level, showing how British society is decaying how this once great society is falling apart (Williams, 2002, p.160). I agree with Williams on what she is saying, Parr take images as it is with his same technique that he uses. They are no real approach to his work. Also what I think he is trying to portray what us as brits have to deal with when we are the working the class, we dont have much money for a luxury holiday or to even live, the working class has to take the cheap route to be thrilled.In the DVD (the world according to Parr) David Hurn who is an English documentary photographer and member of the magnum photos, born in 1934, he stated he has managed to encapsulate the vulgarity of this period. What he is trying to say is that Parr encloses quality of being sophisticated at the period of time he was photographing. But other members of the magnum photos group they co n positioningred to be Thatcherite, portraying working class as scruffy, unintelligent but he rapidly became a top earner. Which is what my original view of Parrs work was like until I read into why he was photographing. In the same source Val williamson who was his biographer and curator she refers to him as a traditional documentary photographer, although I discord as traditional documentary photographers in the era he was photographing are mostly in black and white or de staring(a) images. Parrs images are very saturated which is completely different to what everyone else was doing around the same time as he the series of images that he was doing. But if you look at Parr image you know immediately it was created by him use to his aesthetics, of saturated colours, the randomness of what he is photographing and the quality of his images.In contrast critic Colin Jacobson comments that Parr is wacky colour photography attractive to magazine editors (DVD) he also describes Parr as a gratuitously cruel social critic who has made large amounts of money by sneering at the foibles and pretensions of other people.. (Bishop 2005) he also mentions that He uses the same tools as forensic and medical photographers a macro lens coupled with a ring-flash and photographs his subjects methodically. (Jesse Alexander, 2008). Now I agree with what Jacobson is saying his technique is the same with no take what the subject matter is and he isnt just exploring new ways to photograph but what I have explained forward this is his way of photographing, and due to this we can identify his images and we know what his work is all about, so really the theory of Death of the author is not true as we know what his intentions are due to his technique. I agree with his wacky colours, I think around the time he was photographing this is a new technique and it was different to what everyone else was doing thats why I think he was attracted to magazine companies. Kathryn Mussallem states s imilar to Jacobson, the use of a ring flash saturates the colours to an extreme making cheap squat look even cheaper and crappier. Now this is similar but this is more a negative answer compared to Jacobson. I do think when he photographs he, makes crap things look crappier, but thats my opinion even after knowing why he photographs like this I still think the same, nothing is as saturated as that. She also mentioned The entire world is now caught in the saturated embrace of global consumerism. This is referring to his technique and his style.In this section I will be delineate class and taste, some key words that needs to be addressed and I will also be looking into the work of Grayson Perry though class and taste perspective. a Marxist would say group of people sharing common relations to labour and the means of production about what class is all about, but in the encyclopaedia Britannica says social class, (also called class) is a group of people within a society who possess th e same socioeconomic status (Encyclopaedia Britannica). This exactly what I believe class is all about, I see they are different class in society that hold powers and certain assets to family and to their country. Which are very similar they both mean a group of people in a particular society that share similar statuses or power.David Hume a philosopher in the seventeen hundred he says taste refined ability to perceive quality in an artwork he thinks that taste is developed by education and experience (freeland, 2001, p6), whereas another philosopher Immanuel Kant from mid seventeen hundred to early eighteen hundreds says that taste directly linked to beauty which is inherent in the work itself. So taste does not serve basic human need. (Freeland, 2001, p6).Pierre Bourdieu thinks that taste is largely determined and controlled by the dominant, ruling class. In the author of practises of looking in the burnish tastes is shared artistic and ethnical values of a particular social commu nity or individual taste is informed by experiences relating to ones class, cultural background, education, and other aspects of identity. (Sturken and Cartwright, 2001) I think taste is rarify to preference but I understand what these three are saying taste is down to what class a certain individual is in. gamey uper class doesnt mean you have good taste neither does the opposite, but taste is defiantly found in how amend and well discipline you are. This is also referred to habitus which is the idea that our taste is connected and results from our social class or education. Our taste identifies our social class.They are high culture which is referred to one which only an elite can appreciate such as classical art, music, literature, ballet, opera. Lower culture seen as commercially produced and is accessible to debase classes. I personally think these doesnt determine what class or taste you come under due to lower class can like high culture, I can also say that high class w ill like lower cultured stuff. Again this is determined by how well educated you are. (Sturken and Cartwright, 2001)From the book Practises of Looking they are some key Marxist terms and theoretical areas that link to class and taste that I think are inevitable to express, these are Ideology, this is the system of ideas of the ruling class, which is the ruling class controls the lower class, for Althusser it was a lifeless process through which people accepted their place in society. I think this mean no matter what society youre from the people accepted this. The lower class accept that the ruling class can rule control them. They are also hegemony, this is Gramscis development of ideology, the dominant ideologies changes and challenges values and ideas of the less dominant class.The artist that I am going to write about for class and taste is Grayson Perry. The main focus art work(s) that I am focusing on are his 6 tapestries that he created based on class and taste, these are ca lled the vanity of small differences. Perry was born in 1960s, his childhood has been a massive influence on his life, his teenager years he discovered he has an alter ego called Claire. In 2003 he won the food turner prize. He is most famous for his large scaled pottery and extraordinary detail about transvestite potter. He is also a BAFTA-winning documentary maker author social commentator curator and a lecturer.His tapestries are inspired by William Hogarths moral tale, who is an 18th ascorbic acid painter, Perrys tapestries follow the life of a fictional character called Tim Rakewell, as he develops from beginning through his teenage and middle years, to his untimely death in a car accident. The tapestries are rich in both content and colour and they show many weirdness and uniqueness that is associated with life in the UK. The composition of each tapestry also remembrances early Renaissance religious painting which draws us in to an art history. (Council, 2016)Perrys work is c onsidered to be Kitsch due to his high saturation on his garments. Kitsch is delineate as a German word for trash, and is used in English to describe particularly cheap, vulgar and sentimental forms of popular and commercial culture (tate, 2016).In this section I am going to talk about Tracey Emin and how different people in different classes view and read her work. I shall first talk about her. Tracey Emin was born in 1963 July, and she is an English artist known for her Narrative and confessional artwork. Her artwork is to challenge the subject matter and portrays a taboo. She also challenges feminism (explained later in the essay), the manful gaze, class and taste. She challenges the working class root and everyday She produces work in different media such as drawings, sculpture, film, photography, neon text and sewn applique. She was once a member of the Young British Artists in the 1980s but now she is a Royal Academician of the royal academy of Arts. Critics say that she r elies on tactics that shock rather than the actual talent.The main work I am going to focus on is Emins work My line (1998) (see figure ) and everyone I have ever slept with (see figure ) which are both representation alternative ways of viewing the bod., It shocked the nation when my do it was shortlisted for the 1999 turner prize. Women are usually idealized cleansed and sanitized compared to men, this sort of work is expected to be done by male therefore maybe this is why the my bed was a dramatic and disgusting piece of artwork to some society. Emin applies certain feminist ideas that presents the invisible nude, she offers symbolic gestures that indicate evidence of the system rather than the body itself. My bottom is the site of trauma and disgust, and with all the other dirt left intact. Her work is a self-expressionist piece that shows her personal trauma she claims that she produced is based on a mental breakdown that she had for 4 days, she quotedI had a kind of mini n ervous breakdown didnt get out of bed for four days made my way back to my bedroom, and as I did I looked at my bedroom and thought, OH, my God. What if Id died and they found me here? (Christies, 2014, P.2) I can believe that she had a break down but I dont believe that she stayed in bed for four days.One thing I have noticed with Tracey Emins work is that she expresses an unusual side of feminism. The term feminism comes from 3 different waves of feminism overall feminism is the suffegettes back in the 60s. Second wave feminism, refers mostly to the radical feminism of the womens liberation movement in the late 60s and early 70s. threesome wave feminism is basically girls being girlier and be seen as strong, capable and confident social representatives, The Third shiver is sustained by the confidence of having more opportunities and less sexism this approach can be seen for all genders that power and taking control in situations are good third wave feminism people (Krolkke, 2005 ).Tracey Emins exclusive subject matter is her own life. At first it appears that My Bed, symbolises Emins feminist engagement, yet equally she challenges it. We are presented with the artists own bed, her most personal space, its her own bed yet it is covered in clutter, couple of suitcases behind the bed the duvet is messed up and ruffled up, it is also litter with Emins personal possessions, such as bloody underwear, urine-stained sheets and worn underwear, used condoms, dirty clothes, a partially used tube of KY Jelly, empty bottles of alcohol, arses, and an over flowing cigarette tray. This to me shows her insecurity and imperfection.Some experiences revolve around the bed birth (ideally to some women own bed/ hospital bed), sleep, dreams, sex, illness and death (in some cases), (Kent, 1994, p54). Women are controlled and defined by the bedroom through marriage and sex due to society, the bed suggests sexual convenience but also limited. Emin further explores this in Everyone I puddle Ever Slept With (see fig ), we see names of everyone she has ever slept with in her bed, the more noticeable names are men, but then when you look deeper we see names such as her grandparents which are now showing everyone that has been in her bed with her, maybe for comfort. I think Emin tries to show that we shouldnt judge a book by its cover concept. Throughout her oeuvre she shows serious feminist questions about womens sexual responsibility and draws attention to late 20th century societys double standard. (Doyle, 2006, p.98). Emins subject matter is herself and her personal experiences, her style is more personal and reflects universal concernsEmins work are alternative and the unusual route towards feminism. Her work is disagreeing with the stereotyped Feminity from history. It is also contrasting the male Gaze. The Male Gaze was introduced by Laura Mulvey in 1975 who was a film feminist critic, it is about how visual art and literature show the world and women fr om a mannish point of view, women are objectified for male pleasure. The male gaze is the ideal woman to men for sexual pleasure. The male Gaze was created for advertising purposes, firstly gaze is a concept used for analysing visual culture that deals with how an audience views the people presented the types of gaze are mostly branded by who is doing the looking, which is the audience. Women in the advertisement becomes whats being bought and sold. Meaning buy this product and you will either get the girl or become the girl, so for Emin my bed shows a contrast of women but showing the verity about what women are truly like. The male gaze presents women as clean and tidy, but Emin is showing them as untidy and dirty as to what every person is like.Emin has had many critical views of her work my bed and everyone I have ever slept with. My bed has received criticism that it is self- indulgent or not real art. Some art critics describe Emin and her work as self-degrading, exhibitioni st and even self-flagellating. A paper critic, Richard Dorment calls Emin a phoney. He wrote What interests me about Emin is not her relentless self-absorption, boundless self-pit or compulsion to confess the sad details of her past life, but that all of this adds up to so little of real interest. (Dorment, 2016) what I think he is trying to say is that she is a lazy artist that she thought anything was art and she covered this up with a life story that is traumatic. Linking this back to section one and my opinion, I think if we didnt know the history behind creation of this installation we wouldnt feel the same with what the outcome was knowing why she created these art pieces.On different note the Saatchi gallery, the gallery that owns this work, and Saatchi writes that Emin work is A consummate storyteller, Tracey Emin engages the viewer with her candid exploration of universal emotions (gallery, 2016) he is saying that she is an excellent story teller she engages every viewer w ith her honest study of general passions. Even in all classes they all have their own thoughts on it, even if its a positive or negative.Journalist and author of dangerous women Liz Hoggard says that my bed had the most powerful effect on my life. For women of my generation, it broke so many taboos about the body, sexuality, shame maybe this was the contract of anti-male gaze, I think Emin had a massive influence on female society but not so much on the male (Hoggard, 2015). also Jonathan Jones says Emin wasnt really doing anything new. I understand what he is trying to get across due to Robert Rauschenberg put his own bed into a museum in 1955 (see fig ) he also says she rubs our noses in reality, in a way that subverts all our illusions, fantasies, snobberies and repressions, those barriers we put up between us and death. So we see a two side of Jones he is saying that she isnt doing art as we have already seen it before but also saying that its new art that pulls the reader into reality of living. claver this critical analysis of Emins work is what Foucault is saying, if Emin didnt give detail on what my bed is about he would just think that its already been done, but because they is a story behind my bed he is agreeing with the author function.Barthes, Roland. The Death of the Author. Art and Interpretation An Anthology of Readings in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art. Ed. Eric Dayton. Peterborough, Ont. Broadview, 1998. 383-386. Print. platterChandler, D. (1994). Semiotics for Beginners by Daniel Chandler. online Visual-memory.co.uk. Available at http//visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/Documents/S4B/ Accessed 15 Nov. 2016. websiteKelley, J. (2011). What does Foucault mean by the author-function in his essay What Is an Author ? eNotes. online eNotes. Available at http//www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-does-foucault-mean-by-author-function-his-248608 Accessed 15 Nov. 2016. websiteImagine, The World According to Parr, 2235 03/12/2003, BBC1 London, 50 mins. https//learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/004B986D (Accessed 21 Nov 2016) videoWilliams, V. (2002). Martin Parr. 1st ed. London Phaidon. BookChristies, (2014). TRACEY EMINS MY BED ON THE MARKET FOR THE FIRST TIME YBA ICON SOLD TO BENEFIT THE SAATCHI GALLERYS FOUNDATION. 1st ed. ebook London Press Release, p.2. Available at http//www.christies.com/presscenter/pdf/2014/RELEASE_TRACEY_EMINS_MY_BED.pdf Accessed 21st Nov 2016. WebsiteKrolkke, C. and Srensen, A. (2005). Gender communication theories analyses. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications. BookKent, S. (1994). Shark infested waters. 1st ed. London Zwemmer. BookMerck, Mandy and Townsend, Chris, The Art of Tracey Emin, (London Thames and Hudson, 2002) bookDoyle, J. (2006). Sex objects. 1st ed. Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press. BookImagine The World According to Parr. BBC1 3rd December 2003 videoDawber, S (2004) Martin Parrs Suburban Vision. Third Text. Vol18, Issue 3. p251-262. PapersBishop,B (2005) Martin Parrs true colors. Online http//www.parisvoice.com/photography/35-martin-parrs-true-colors assessed 21 Nov 2016Jesse Alexander, 2008 online http//www.jessealexander.co.uk/pages/writing/2008_6_parrworld.pdf assessed 21 Nov 2016Dorment, R. (2016). Is it art?. online Telegraph.co.uk. Available at http//www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/8216563/Is-it-art.html?image=8 Accessed 21 Nov. 2016. OnlineGallery, S. (2016). Tracey Emin My Bed Contemporary Art. online Saatchigallery.com. Available at https//www.saatchigallery.com/artists/artpages/tracey_emin_my_bed.htm Accessed 21 Nov. 2016.Council, B. (2016). Grayson Perry The Vanity of Small Differences Touring Exhibitions British Council Visual Arts. online Visualarts.britishcouncil.org. 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University Food Service Menu Needs Revision Essay -- Argumentative Per

University Food Service Menu Needs RevisionTHE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORTThe purpose of this report is to show the need to examine the legitimate meal program services offered by University and to prove a need for a substantial revision of the menus and meals to accommodate the nutritionary needs of all the students. The students, in particular, on which this report will focus is those students who argon vegetarian (or those who do not eat whatever animal flesh), or vegan (those who do not eat any products that come from animals, such as milk, eggs, meat, and fat). THE CURRENT MEALS AND MENUESThe current solid food service offers three meals per day, and these include some, but relatively few, vegetarian options for students with special dietary needs. In the fair(a) daily menu there is usually a choice that either doesnt contain red meat or has a vegetable set up in the ingredients. On the menus these meal choices are marked by a symbol of a carrot (see menus at http//www.iastate.e du/residence_info/dining/dining.htm). Meals The morning meal consists of several(prenominal) hot dishes and toast, cereal, canned fruit, sometimes one fresh fruit option, and milk or juice. Students also have the option of having a waffle they make themselves. (Waffles are available for any of the meals). For the noon-time meal, students have the option of having a cold sandwich, or one of usually three hot meal items. There is always a salad bar and two choices of cereal. The evening meal is much like the noon-time meal. It also includes a salad bar and usually three hot main-courses and side dishes, but does not include the cold sandwich option. Menus Copies of food service menus have been included in the Appendix of this paper and give random examp... ...inning halls. I feel my nutritional needs are met by the food provided by the food service. I feel I am given an adequate number of meal choices when I eat in the dinning halls. I believe that there need to be no changes made to the dinning hall food service. I see room for amelioration in the dinning hall food service. I am happy with the meal services provided by ISU. Please rate the your overall satisfaction with the dinning hall food service on a scale of one to ten (1-10), ten being very satisfied, and one being very dissatisfied, in the space below. teaching and data gathered fromISU department of residence dining services The ISU vegetarian club (Interviews of some members) Dorothy Franke (a member of the ISU vegetarian club) Survey created by Mariah Kimball, Oct. 29th 1999 (information gathered form 50 ISU students only)

Alienation and Isolation in William Falukners A Rose For Emily :: essays research papers

Alienation and Isolation in William Faulkners A move up for EmilyWilliam Faulkners short story A Rose for Emily displays themes of alienation and isolation. Emily Griersons own father is found to be the root of many of her problems. Faulkner writes Emilys office as one who is isolated from the people of her town. Her isolation from society and alienation from love is what ultimately drives her to madness.Emilys isolation is evident because after the men that cared some her deserted her, either by death or simply leaving her, she hid from society and didnt allow anyone to get close to her. Miss Emily is afraid to salute reality. She seems to live in a sort of fantasy world where death has no meaning. Emily refuses to accept or recognize the death of her father, and the fact that the world nigh her is changing.Emily attempts to recapture her past by escaping from the present. She wants to leave the present and go back to a happier past. Miss Emily wants to vex the love she once knew. After her fathers death she went out very little after her sweetheart went away, people hardly saw her at all (243). Emily alienates herself from everyone when the two people she has loved roughly in her life go away. She becomes afraid to grow close to anyone in fear of losing them again. Miss Emilys isolation is able to benefit her as well. She has the broad(a) town believing she is a frail and weak woman, but she is very strong indeed. Everyone is convinced that she could not even hurt a fly, but rather she is capable a horrible crime, murder. Miss Emilys actions range from eccentric to absurd. After the death of her father, and the estrangement from the Yankee, Homer Barron, she becomes reclusive and introverted. The reader can find that Miss Emily did what was necessary to keep her secret from the town. Already we knew that there was one room in that region above stairs which no one had seen in forty years (247).